nf-core/ampliseq
Amplicon sequencing analysis workflow using DADA2 and QIIME2
2.9.0
). The latest
stable release is
2.11.0
.
Introduction
This document describes the output produced by the pipeline.
The directories listed below will be created in the results directory after the pipeline has finished. All paths are relative to the top-level results directory.
Pipeline overview
The pipeline is built using Nextflow and processes data using the following steps:
- Input - Input files
- Pipeline summary report - Overview of pipeline output
- Preprocessing
- ASV inferrence with DADA2 - Infer Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs)
- Optional ASV filtering - Filter ASVs to optimize downstream analysis
- VSEARCH cluster - Centroid fasta file, filtered asv table, and stats
- Barrnap - Predict ribosomal RNA sequences and optional filtering
- Length filter - Optionally, ASV can be filtered by length thresholds
- Codons - Optionally the ASVs can be filtered by presence of stop codons.
- ITSx - Optionally, the ITS region can be extracted
- Taxonomic classification - Taxonomic classification of (filtered) ASVs
- Phlogenetic placement and taxonomic classification - Placing ASVs into a phyloenetic tree
- Multiple region analysis with Sidle - Scaffolding multiple regions along a reference
- Secondary analysis with QIIME2 - Visualisations, diversity and differential abundance analysis with QIIME2
- Abundance tables - Exported abundance tables
- Relative abundance tables - Exported relative abundance tables
- Barplot - Interactive barplot
- Alpha diversity rarefaction curves - Rarefaction curves for quality control
- Diversity analysis - High level overview with different diversity indices
- ANCOM - Differential abundance analysis
- PICRUSt2 - Predict the functional potential of a bacterial community
- SBDI export - Swedish Biodiversity Infrastructure (SBDI) submission file
- Phyloseq - Phyloseq R objects
- Read count report - Report of read counts during various steps of the pipeline
- Pipeline information - Report metrics generated during the workflow execution
Input
Samplesheet, ASV fasta, and metadata file are copied into the results folder.
Output files
input/
*
: Samplesheet input if specified with--input
.*.tsv
: Metadata input if specified with--metadata
.*
: ASV sequence input if specified with--input_fasta
.
Pipeline summary report
A summary report for most pipeline results in html format produced by R Markdown. The report gives a general overview of the analysis, includes many tables and visualizations, and links to interactive downstream analysis results, if available.
Output files
summary_report/
summary_report.html
: pipeline summary report as standalone HTML file that can be viewed in your web browser.*.svg*
: plots that were produced for (and are included in) the report.versions.yml
: software versions used to produce this report.
Preprocessing
FastQC
FastQC gives general quality metrics about your sequenced reads. It provides information about the quality score distribution across your reads, per base sequence content (%A/T/G/C), adapter contamination and overrepresented sequences. For further reading and documentation see the FastQC help pages.
Output files
fastqc/
*_fastqc.html
: FastQC report containing quality metrics for your untrimmed raw fastq files.
Cutadapt
Cutadapt is trimming primer sequences from sequencing reads. Primer sequences are non-biological sequences that often introduce point mutations that do not reflect sample sequences. This is especially true for degenerated PCR primer. If primer trimming would be omitted, artifactual amplicon sequence variants might be computed by the denoising tool or sequences might be lost due to become labelled as PCR chimera.
Output files
cutadapt/
: directory containing log files with retained reads, trimming percentage, etc. for each sample.cutadapt_summary.tsv
: Summary of read numbers that pass cutadapt.assignTaxonomy.cutadapt.log
: Contains how many expected amplified sequences were extracted from the DADA2 reference taxonomy database. Optional.
MultiQC
MultiQC is a visualization tool that generates a single HTML report summarising all samples in your project. Most of the pipeline QC results are visualised in the report and further statistics are available in the report data directory.
Results generated by MultiQC collate pipeline QC from supported tools e.g. FastQC. The pipeline has special steps which also allow the software versions to be reported in the MultiQC output for future traceability. For more information about how to use MultiQC reports, see http://multiqc.info.
Output files
multiqc/
multiqc_report.html
: a standalone HTML file that can be viewed in your web browser.multiqc_data/
: directory containing parsed statistics from the different tools used in the pipeline.multiqc_plots/
: directory containing static images from the report in various formats.
The FastQC plots displayed in the MultiQC report shows untrimmed reads. They may contain adapter sequence and potentially regions with low quality.
ASV inferrence with DADA2
DADA2 performs fast and accurate sample inference from amplicon data with single-nucleotide resolution. It infers exact amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) from amplicon data with fewer false positives than many other methods while maintaining high sensitivity.
DADA2 computes an error model on the sequencing reads (forward and reverse independently), therefore quality filtering or paired read merging may not be performed before. Each sequencing run varies in their error profile and it is recommended that DADA2 runs separately on data from each run individually. It is recommended to use the ampliseq option --multiple_sequencing_runs
to analyse such data.
DADA2 reduces sequence errors and dereplicates sequences by quality filtering, denoising, read pair merging (for paired end Illumina reads only) and PCR chimera removal.
Output files
dada2/
ASV_seqs.fasta
: Fasta file with ASV sequences.ASV_table.tsv
: Counts for each ASV sequence.DADA2_stats.tsv
: Tracking read numbers through DADA2 processing steps, for each sample.DADA2_table.rds
: DADA2 ASV table as R object.DADA2_table.tsv
: DADA2 ASV table.
dada2/args/
: Directory containing files with all parameters for DADA2 steps.dada2/log/
: Directory containing log files for DADA2 steps.dada2/QC/
*.err.convergence.txt
: Convergence values for DADA2’s dada command, should reduce over several magnitudes and approaching 0.*.err.pdf
: Estimated error rates for each possible transition. The black line shows the estimated error rates after convergence of the machine-learning algorithm. The red line shows the error rates expected under the nominal definition of the Q-score. The estimated error rates (black line) should be a good fit to the observed rates (points), and the error rates should drop with increased quality.*_qual_stats.pdf
: Overall read quality profiles: heat map of the frequency of each quality score at each base position. The mean quality score at each position is shown by the green line, and the quartiles of the quality score distribution by the orange lines. The red line shows the scaled proportion of reads that extend to at least that position.*_preprocessed_qual_stats.pdf
: Same as above, but after preprocessing.
For binned quality scores in NovaSeq data, monotonicity in the fitted error model is enforced when using --illumina_novaseq
. Consequently, additional QC data is generated.
Output files
dada2/QC/
*.md.err.convergence.txt
: Convergence values for DADA2’s dada command on monotone decreasing (corrected) quality scores, should reduce over several magnitudes and approaching 0.*.md.err.pdf
: Estimated error rates for each possible transition on monotone decreasing (corrected) quality scores. The black line shows the estimated error rates after convergence of the machine-learning algorithm. The red line shows the error rates expected under the nominal definition of the Q-score. The estimated error rates (black line) should be a good fit to the observed rates (points), and the error rates should drop with increased quality.
Optional ASV filtering
VSEARCH cluster
Optionally, VSEARCH can be used to cluster the denoised ASVs. This will be performed before other filtering steps. This directory will hold the centroid fasta file, the filtered asv count table (after merging non-centroid counts with their respective centroid counts), and a stats table.
Output files
vsearch_cluster/
ASV_post_clustering_filtered.fna
: Centroid fasta file.ASV_post_clustering_filtered.stats.tsv
: Stats table.ASV_post_clustering_filtered.table.tsv
: ASV table.
Barrnap
Barrnap predicts the location of ribosomal RNA genes in genomes, here it can be used to discriminate rRNA sequences from potential contamination. It supports bacteria (5S,23S,16S), archaea (5S,5.8S,23S,16S), metazoan mitochondria (12S,16S) and eukaryotes (5S,5.8S,28S,18S).
Optionally, ASV sequences can be filtered for rRNA sequences identified by Barrnap with --filter_ssu
that can take a list of abbreviations of the above supported categories (kingdoms), e.g. bac,arc,mito,euk
. This filtering takes place after DADA2’s ASV computation (i.e. after chimera removal) but before taxonomic classification (also applies to above mentioned taxonomic classification with DADA2, i.e. files ASV_tax.tsv
& ASV_tax_species.tsv
).
Output files
barrnap/
rrna.<kingdom>.gff
: GFF3 output for rRNA matches per kingdom, where kingdom is one ofbac,arc,mito,euk
.summary.tsv
: Summary of evalues for each ASV and kingdomASV_seqs.ssu.fasta
: Fasta file with filtered ASV sequences, only if--filter_ssu
is set.ASV_table.ssu.tsv
: Counts for each filtered ASV sequence, only if--filter_ssu
is set.stats.ssu.tsv
: Tracking read numbers through filtering, for each sample, only if--filter_ssu
is set.
Length filter
Optionally, a length filter can be used to reduce potential contamination after ASV computation. For example with 515f and 806r primers the majority of 16S rRNA amplicon sequences should have a length of 253 bp and amplicons vary significantely are likely spurious.
The minimum ASV length threshold can be set by --min_len_asv
and the maximum length threshold with --max_len_asv
. If no threshold is set, the filter (and output) is omitted.
Output files
asv_length_filter/
ASV_seqs.len.fasta
: Fasta file with filtered ASV sequences.ASV_table.len.tsv
: Counts for each filtered ASV sequence.ASV_len_orig.tsv
: ASV length distribution before filtering.ASV_len_filt.tsv
: ASV length distribution after filtering.stats.len.tsv
: Tracking read numbers through filtering, for each sample.
Codons
Optionally, the ASVs can be filtered against the presence of stop codons in the specified open reading frame of the ASV. The filtering step can also filter out ASVs that are not multiple of 3 in length.
Codon filtering can be activated by --filter_codons
. By default, the codons are calculated and checked from the beginning (--orf_start 1
) to the end (--orf_end
not set) of the ASV sequence and the filter also checks if the length is a multiple of 3. By default, the filter screens for the presence of the stop codons TAA
and TAG
. To define different stop codons than default, use --stop_codons
(comma-separated list, e.g. --stop_codons "TAA,TAG,TGA"
).
Output files
codon_filter/
ASV_codon_filtered.fna
: Fasta file of ASV sequences that passes the filter thresholds explained above.ASV_codon_filtered.table.tsv
: The count table of ASVs that successfully passed through the filter thresholds.ASV_codon_filtered.list
: List of ASV IDs that pass through the filter thresholds.codon.filtered.stats.tsv
: Tracking read numbers through filtering, for each sample.
ITSx
Optionally, the ITS region can be extracted from each ASV sequence using ITSx, and taxonomic classification is performed based on the ITS sequence. Only sequences with at minimum 50bp in length are retained.
Output files
itsx/
ASV_ITS_seqs.full.fasta
: Fasta file with full ITS region from each ASV sequence.ASV_ITS_seqs.ITS1.fasta
orASV_ITS_seqs.ITS2.fasta
: If using —cut_its “its1” or —cut_its “its2”; fasta file with ITS1 or ITS2 region from each ASV sequence.ASV_ITS_seqs.full_and_partial.fasta
: If using —its_partial; fasta file with full and partial ITS regions from each ASV sequence.ASV_ITS_seqs.ITS1.full_and_partial.fasta
orASV_ITS_seqs.ITS2.full_and_partial.fasta
: If using —cut_its “its1” or —cut_its “its2” and —its_partial; fasta file with complete and partial ITS1 or ITS2 regions from each ASV sequence.ASV_ITS_seqs.summary.txt
: Summary information from ITSx.ITSx.args.txt
: File with parameters passed to ITSx.ASV_seqs.len.fasta
: Fasta file with filtered ASV sequences.ASV_len_orig.tsv
: ASV length distribution before filtering.ASV_len_filt.tsv
: ASV length distribution after filtering.
Taxonomic classification
Taxonomic classification of ASVs can be performed with a choice of DADA2, SINTAX, Kraken2 or QIIME2 using supplied databases or user supplied databases (see parameter documentation). By default, DADA2 is used for the classification. The taxonomic classification will be done based on filtered ASV sequences (see above).
DADA2
DADA2 is the default method for taxonomy classification. Depending on the reference taxonomy database, sequences can be classified down to species rank. Species classification is reported in columns “Species” using DADA2’s assignTaxonomy function or “Species_exact” using DADA2’s addSpecies function, the latter only assigns exact sequence matches. Generally, species assignment without exact matches are much less trustworthy than those with exact matches. With short amplicons, e.g. 16S rRNA gene V4 region, the non-exact species annotation is not recommended to be trusted. The longer the ASVs are, the more acceptable is the non-exact species classification, e.g. PacBio (nearly) full length 16S rRNA gene sequences are thought to be trustworthy.
Files when not using ITSx (default):
Output files
dada2/
ASV_tax.*.tsv
: Taxonomic classification for each ASV sequence.ASV_tax_species.*.tsv
: Exact species classification for each ASV sequence.ref_taxonomy.*.txt
: Information about the used reference taxonomy, such as title, version, citation.
Files when using ITSx:
Output files
dada2/
ASV_ITS_tax.*.tsv
: Taxonomic classification with ITS region of each ASV sequence.ASV_ITS_tax_species.*.tsv
: Exact species classification with ITS region of each ASV sequence.ASV_tax.*.tsv
: Taxonomic classification of each ASV sequence, based on the ITS region.ASV_tax_species.*.tsv
: Exact species classification of each ASV sequence, based on the ITS region.ref_taxonomy.*.txt
: Information about the used reference taxonomy, such as title, version, citation.
assignSH
Optionally, a UNITE species hypothesis (SH) can be added to the DADA2 taxonomy. In short, the sequences are matched to the selected UNITE database with VSEARCH, using the sequence identity cutoff 98.5%. If a good enough and unique match is found, the sequence is assigned the SH of the matching sequence, and the taxonomy assignment for the sequence is changed to that of the SH. The look-up tables for SH taxonomies are generated as descibed at https://github.com/biodiversitydata-se/unite-shinfo. If no match is found, the taxonomy generated by assignTaxonomy and/or assignSpecies is kept.
Output files
assignsh/
ASV_tax_species_SH.tsv
: Taxonomic classification with SH taxonomy added in case of a match.*.vsearch.txt
: Raw vsearch results.
SINTAX
Alternatively, ASVs can be taxonomically classified using the SINTAX algorithm as implemented in VSEARCH. Depending on the reference taxonomy database (specified with sintax_ref_taxonomy
), sequences can be classified down to species rank.
Files when not using ITSx (default):
Output files
sintax/
ASV_tax_sintax.*.raw.tsv
: Raw output from SINTAX.ASV_tax_sintax.*.tsv
: Taxonomic classification for each ASV sequence in a format similar to DADA2 output.ref_taxonomy.*.txt
: Information about the used reference taxonomy, such as title, version, citation.
Files when using ITSx:
Output files
sintax/
ASV_ITS_tax_sintax.*.raw.tsv
: Raw output from SINTAX, when using cut sequences as input.ASV_tax_sintax.*.tsv
: Taxonomic classification for each ASV sequence, based on the chosen ITS region, in a format similar to DADA2 output.ref_taxonomy.*.txt
: Information about the used reference taxonomy, such as title, version, citation.
Kraken2
Kraken2 taxonomically classifies ASVs using exact k-mer matches. Kraken2 matches each k-mer within a query sequence to the lowest common ancestor (LCA) of all genomes/sequences containing the given k-mer.
Output files
kraken2
ASV_tax.*.kraken2.report.txt
: Kraken2 report file, i.e. taxonomic classification of ASVs (shows number of ASVs matched at any given taxonomic level)ASV_tax.*.kraken2.keys.tsv
: Tab-separated table with extracted information from the report fileASV_tax.*.kraken2.classifiedreads.txt
: Classified sequence file, i.e. taxonomic classification (leaf) per ASVASV_tax.*.kraken2.complete.tsv
: Tab-separated table with all extracted and parsed information from report and classified sequence file for each ASVASV_tax.*.kraken2.tsv
: Tab-separated table with chosen taxonomic ranks per ASVASV_tax.*.kraken2.into-qiime2.tsv
: Table with two tab-separated columns,ASV_ID
and aggregatedtaxonomy
(semicolon separated string), input to QIIME2
QIIME2
Taxonomic classification with QIIME2 is based on a classifier trained on sequences extracted with the primers.
Output files
qiime2/taxonomy/
taxonomy.tsv
: Tab-separated table with taxonomic classification for each ASV*-classifier.qza
: QIIME2 artefact of the trained classifier. Can be supplied to other pipeline runs with--classifier
ref_taxonomy.txt
: Information about the used reference taxonomy, such as title, version, citation.
Phylogenetic placement and taxonomic classification
Phylogenetic placement grafts sequences onto a phylogenetic reference tree and optionally outputs taxonomic annotations. The reference tree is ideally made from full-length high-quality sequences containing better evolutionary signal than short amplicons. It is hence superior to estimating de-novo phylogenetic trees from short amplicon sequences. On providing required reference files, ASV sequences are aligned to the reference alignment with either HMMER (default) or MAFFT. Subsequently, phylogenetic placement of query sequences is performed with EPA-NG, and finally a number of summary operations are performed with Gappa. This uses code from nf-core/phyloplace in the form of its main subworkflow, therefore its detailed documentation also applies here.
Output files
pplace/
*.graft.*.epa_result.newick
: Full phylogeny with query sequences grafted on to the reference phylogeny, in newick format.*.taxonomy.per_query.tsv
: Tab separated file with taxonomy information per query from classification bygappa examine examinassign
*.per_query_unique.tsv
: Tab separated file with taxonomy information as above, but one row per query, by filtering for lowest LWR (likelihood weight ratio)*.heattree.tree.svg
: Heattree in SVG format from callinggappa examine heattree
, see Gappa documentation for details.pplace/hmmer/
: Contains intermediatary files if HMMER is usedpplace/mafft/
: Contains intermediatary files if MAFFT is usedpplace/epang/
: Output files from EPA-NG.pplace/gappa/
: Gappa output described in the Gappa documentation.
Multiple region analysis with Sidle
Instead of relying on one short amplicon, scaffolding multiple regions along a reference can improve resolution over a single region. This method applies Sidle (SMURF Implementation Done to acceLerate Efficiency) within QIIME2.
Sidle reconstructs taxonomy profiles and abundances of several regions using a taxonomc database, therefore the previous sections about taxonomic classification are not applied.
Additional output includes reconstruction of abundance table and taxonomic information from multiple regions and a phylogenetic tree that can be further analysed. Apart from region-specific sequences, no useful de-novo sequences are generated.
Output files
sidle/per-region/
ASV_seqs_region*_<FW_primer>_<RV_primer>.fasta
: ASV sequences per regionASV_table_region*_<FW_primer>_<RV_primer>.fasta
: ASV abundances per regionDADA2_table_region*_<FW_primer>_<RV_primer>.fasta
: ASV abundances and sequences per region
sidle/DB/3_reconstructed/reconstruction_summary/index.html
: Information about the reconstructed reference taxonomy databasesidle/reconstructed/
reconstructed_feature-table.biom
: Unified abundance table in biom formatreconstructed_feature-table.tsv
: Tab-separated unified abundance tablereconstructed_taxonomy.tsv
: Tab-separated unified taxonomy tablereconstructed_merged.tsv
: Tab-separated unified table with merged abundance and taxonomy informationreconstructed_tree.nwk
: Phylogenetic treereconstruction_table/index.html
: Information about the unified abundance table
More intermediate output is populated into the results folder when using --save_intermediates
.
Secondary analysis with QIIME2
Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology 2 (QIIME2) is a next-generation microbiome bioinformatics platform and the successor of the widely used QIIME1.
ASV sequences, counts, and taxonomic classification as produced before with DADA2 are imported into QIIME2 and further analysed. Optionally, ASVs can be taxonomically classified also with QIIME2 against a database chosen with --qiime_ref_taxonomy
(but DADA2 taxonomic classification takes precedence). Next, ASVs are filtered (--exclude_taxa
, --min_frequency
, --min_samples
), and abundance tables are exported. Following, diversity indices are calculated and testing for differential abundant features between sample groups is performed.
Intermediate data imported to QIIME2 is saved as QIIME2 fragments, that can be conveniently used for custom QIIME2 analysis.
Output files
qiime2/input/
table.qza
: ASV count table.rep-seqs.qza
: ASV sequences.taxonomy.qza
: ASV taxonomic classification.
Abundance tables
The abundance tables are the final data for further downstream analysis and visualisations. The tables are based on the computed ASVs and taxonomic classification (in the following priotity: phylogenetic placement [EPA-NG, Gappa], DADA2, QIIME2), but after removal of unwanted taxa. Unwanted taxa are often off-targets generated in PCR with primers that are not perfectly specific for the target DNA (can be specified by --exclude_taxa
), by default mitrochondria and chloroplast sequences are removed because these are frequent unwanted non-bacteria PCR products.
All following analysis is based on these filtered tables.
Output files
qiime2/representative_sequences/
rep-seq.fasta
: Fasta file with ASV sequences.descriptive_stats.tsv
: Length, mean, etc. of ASV sequences.seven_number_summary.tsv
: Length of ASV sequences in different quantiles.filtered-sequences.qza
: QIIME2 fragment.
qiime2/abundance_tables/
abs-abund-table-*.tsv
: Tab-separated absolute abundance table at taxa level*
, where*
ranges by default from 2 to 6, specified by the--tax_agglom_min
and--tax_agglom_max
parameters.count_table_filter_stats.tsv
: Tab-separated table with information on how much counts were filtered for each sample.feature-table.biom
: Abundance table in biom format for importing into downstream analysis tools.feature-table.tsv
: Tab-separated abundance table for each ASV and each sample.filtered-table.qza
: QIIME2 fragment.
Relative abundance tables
Absolute abundance tables produced by the previous steps contain count data, but the compositional nature of 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing requires sequencing depth normalisation. This step computes relative abundance tables using TSS (Total Sum Scaling normalisation) for various taxonomic levels and detailed tables for all ASVs with taxonomic classification, sequence and relative abundance for each sample. Typically used for in depth investigation of taxa abundances. If not specified, the tables are based on the computed taxonomic classification (DADA2 classification takes precedence over QIIME2 classifications).
Output files
qiime2/rel_abundance_tables/
rel-table-*.tsv
: Tab-separated absolute abundance table at taxa level*
, where*
ranges by default from 2 to 6, specified by the--tax_agglom_min
and--tax_agglom_max
parameters.rel-table-ASV.tsv
: Tab-separated relative abundance table for all ASVs.rel-table-ASV_with-DADA2-tax.tsv
: Tab-separated table for all ASVs with DADA2 taxonomic classification, sequence and relative abundance.rel-table-ASV_with-QIIME2-tax.tsv
: Tab-separated table for all ASVs with QIIME2 taxonomic classification, sequence and relative abundance.rel-table-ASV_with-PPLACE-tax.tsv
: Tab-separated table for all ASVs with EPA-NG - Gappa taxonomic classification, sequence and relative abundance.
Barplot
Produces an interactive abundance plot count tables that aids exploratory browsing the discovered taxa and their abundance in samples and allows sorting for associated meta data, DADA2 classification takes precedence over QIIME2 classifications. Optionally, barplots with average relative abundance values are produced for each metadata column chosen by --metadata_category_barplot
.
Output files
qiime2/barplot/
index.html
: Interactive barplot for taxa abundance per sample that can be viewed in your web browser.
qiime2/barplot_average/barplot_<category>
index.html
: Interactive barplot for averaged relative taxa abundance per group that can be viewed in your web browser.
Alpha diversity rarefaction curves
Produces rarefaction plots for several alpha diversity indices, and is primarily used to determine if the richness of the samples has been fully observed or sequenced. If the slope of the curves does not level out and the lines do not becomes horizontal, this might be because the sequencing depth was too low to observe all diversity or that sequencing error artificially increases sequence diversity and causes false discoveries.
Output files
qiime2/alpha-rarefaction/
index.html
: Interactive alphararefaction curve for taxa abundance per sample that can be viewed in your web browser.
Diversity analysis
Diversity measures summarize important sample features (alpha diversity) or differences between samples (beta diversity). To do so, sample data is first rarefied to the minimum number of counts per sample. Parameter --diversity_rarefaction_depth
can increase the rarefaction depth at the cost of excluding low count samples. Also, a phylogenetic tree of all ASVs is computed to provide phylogenetic information.
Output files
qiime2/diversity/
Use the sampling depth of * for rarefaction.txt
: File that reports the rarefaction depth in the file name and file content.
qiime2/phylogenetic_tree/
tree.nwk
: Phylogenetic tree in newick format.rooted-tree.qza
: Phylogenetic tree in QIIME2 format.
Alpha diversity indices
Alpha diversity measures the species diversity within samples. Diversity calculations are based on sub-sampled data rarefied to the minimum read count of all samples. This step calculates alpha diversity using various methods and performs pairwise comparisons of groups of samples. It is based on a phylogenetic tree of all ASV sequences.
Output files
qiime2/diversity/alpha_diversity/
evenness_vector/index.html
: Pielou’s Evenness.faith_pd_vector/index.html
: Faith’s Phylogenetic Diversity (qualitiative, phylogenetic).observed_otus_vector/index.html
: Observed OTUs (qualitative).shannon_vector/index.html
: Shannon’s diversity index (quantitative).
Beta diversity indices
Beta diversity measures the species community differences between samples. Diversity calculations are based on sub-sampled data rarefied to the minimum read count of all samples. This step calculates beta diversity distances using various methods and performs pairwise comparisons of groups of samples.
Additionally, principle coordinates analysis (PCoA) plots are produced that can be visualized with Emperor in your default browser without the need for installation. This calculations are based on a phylogenetic tree of all ASV sequences.
Furthermore, ADONIS permutation-based statistical test in vegan-R determine whether groups of samples are significantly different from one another. This test will only be executed when a custom formula is supplied with --qiime_adonis_formula
, multiple formulas are comma separated. ADONIS computes an R2 value (effect size) which shows the percentage of variation explained by a condition, as well as a p-value to determine the statistical significance. The sequence of conditions in the formula matters, the variance of factors is removed (statistically controlled for) from beginning to end of the formula. E.g. formula “A+B” determines the effect size of “B” while controlling for “A”.
The following methods are used to calculate community dissimilarities:
- Jaccard distance (qualitative)
- Bray-Curtis distance (quantitative)
- unweighted UniFrac distance (qualitative, phylogenetic)
- weighted UniFrac distance (quantitative, phylogenetic)
Output files
qiime2/diversity/beta_diversity/
<method>_distance_matrix-<treatment>/index.html
: Box plots and significance analysis (PERMANOVA).<method>_pcoa_results-PCoA/index.html
: Interactive PCoA plot.
qiime2/diversity/beta_diversity/adonis/
<method>_distance_matrix-<adonis formula>/index.html
: Interactive (and .tsv) table of metadata feature importance and significance.- method: bray_curtis, jaccard, unweighted_unifrac, weighted_unifrac
- treatment: depends on your metadata sheet or what metadata categories you have specified
- adonis formula: Applied ADONIS formula
ANCOM
Analysis of Composition of Microbiomes (ANCOM) is applied to identify features that are differentially abundant across sample groups. A key assumption made by ANCOM is that few taxa (less than about 25%) will be differentially abundant between groups otherwise the method will be inaccurate. Parameter --ancom_sample_min_count
sets the minimum sample counts to retain a sample for ANCOM analysis.
ANCOM is applied to each suitable or specified metadata column for 5 taxonomic levels (2-6).
Output files
qiime2/ancom/
Category-<treatment>-<taxonomic level>/index.html
: Statistical results and interactive Volcano plot.- treatment: depends on your metadata sheet or what metadata categories you have specified
- taxonomic level: level-2 (phylum), level-3 (class), level-4 (order), level-5 (family), level-6 (genus), ASV
PICRUSt2
PICRUSt2 (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) is a software for predicting functional abundances based only on marker gene sequences. On demand (--picrust
), Enzyme Classification numbers (EC), KEGG orthologs (KO) and MetaCyc ontology predictions will be made for each sample.
PICRUSt2 is preferentially applied to filtered data by QIIME2 but will use DADA2 output in case QIIME2 isnt run.
Output files
PICRUSt2/
EC_pred_metagenome_unstrat_descrip.tsv
: Predicted quantifications for Enzyme Classification numbers (EC).KO_pred_metagenome_unstrat_descrip.tsv
: Predicted quantifications for KEGG orthologs (KO).METACYC_path_abun_unstrat_descrip.tsv
: Predicted quantifications for MetaCyc ontology.picrust.args.txt
: File containing arguments from the config file
PICRUSt2/all_output
Quantifications are not normalized yet, they can be normalized e.g. by the total sum per sample.
SBDI export
You can use the --sbdiexport
flag (or sbdiexport: true
in a nextflow parameter file using -params-file
in yml format) to generate tab separated files in preparation for submission to the Swedish Biodiversity Infrastructure (SBDI).
Tables are generated from the DADA2 denoising and taxonomy assignment steps.
Each table, except annotation.tsv
, corresponds to one tab in the submission template.
See docs/usage.md
for further information.
Most of the fields in the template will not be populated by the export process, but if you run nf-core/ampliseq with a sample metadata table (--metadata
) any fields corresponding to a field in the template will be used.
Output files
SBDI/
annotation.tsv
: SBDI specific output for taxonomic reannotation, not used in submission to SBDI.asv-table.tsv
: asv-table tab of template.emof.tsv
: emof tab of template.event.tsv
: event tab of template.mixs.tsv
: mixs tab of template.
Phyloseq
This directory will hold phyloseq objects for each taxonomy table produced by this pipeline. The objects will contain an ASV abundance table and a taxonomy table. If the pipeline is provided with metadata, that metadata will also be included in the phyloseq object. A phylogenetic tree will also be included if the pipeline produces a tree.
Output files
phyloseq/
<taxonomy>_phyloseq.rds
: Phyloseq R object.
Read count report
This report includes information on how many reads per sample passed each pipeline step in which a loss can occur. Specifically, how many read pairs entered cutadapt, were reverse complemented, passed trimming; how many read pairs entered DADA2, were denoised, merged and non-chimeric; and how many counts were lost during excluding unwanted taxa and removing low abundance/prevalence sequences in QIIME2.
Output files
overall_summary.tsv
: Tab-separated file with count summary.
Pipeline information
Output files
pipeline_info/
- Reports generated by Nextflow:
execution_report.html
,execution_timeline.html
,execution_trace.txt
andpipeline_dag.dot
/pipeline_dag.svg
. - Reports generated by the pipeline:
pipeline_report.html
,pipeline_report.txt
andsoftware_versions.yml
. Thepipeline_report*
files will only be present if the--email
/--email_on_fail
parameter’s are used when running the pipeline. - Reformatted samplesheet files used as input to the pipeline:
samplesheet.valid.csv
. - Parameters used by the pipeline run:
params.json
.
- Reports generated by Nextflow: